The Tuzu Gesar epic : Performance and singers

Different minority groups have different versions of the Gesar epic. Their respective forms differ from the Tibetan version in content, structure, characters, events, and actual performances. This kind of variety is common in Asian oral epic traditions. The Tu people are a unique minority who reside in northwest China with a total population of 200,000. The Gesar epic of this group is found mainly in Tu communities in Gansu and Qinghai provinces. The Tuzu Gesar is performed as a combination of verse and prose. It also shows some differences from the Anduo dialects of Tibetan. As a result of phonetic changes, the Tuzu Gesar has its own structure and follows strict procedures and performance rules. Many native scholars and experts have studied this tradition.Translated by Li Xianting

Numerical analysis of the influencing factors on the performance of a pipe-embedded window operated in summer

The pipe-embedded window is a double window structure with pipes embedded inside the cavity to adjust the temperature. The preliminary studies showed that it can significantly reduce the cooling load of buildings with natural cooling sources such as the water from cooling towers in summer. However, the research on the influencing factors of the pipeembedded window is insufficient. In this paper, the numerical calculation models are established for a pipe-embedded window and a traditional window. The influence of climatic factors, such as the natural cooling source temperature and outdoor air temperature on the thermal performance of the pipe-embedded window are studied. Based on these, the building energy efficiency is analysed. The results show that the thermal resistance of the pipeembedded window is basically constant. A linear relationship has been found between the inner surface heat flux, pipe heat flux, interlayer mean air temperature and the outdoor air temperature, mean water temperature or solar radiation intensity. The solar radiation intensity, water temperature, outdoor air temperature is ranked from most to least influence. The location of pipe has little effect on the temperature field and heat transfer of a pipe-embedded window. In summer, the difference between inner-glass and outer-glass insulation is small

Effects of Economizer Type and Size to the Gas Injected System Using Zeotropic R32/R1234ze(E) Mixture

Refrigerant mixtures are commonly regarded as a potential substitute because rare pure refrigerants can totally meet all the requirements of environmental, thermodynamic and safe properties. Meanwhile as an effective means, vapour injection is widely applied to improve the system performance of heat pump under large pressure ratio. However, the difference of using pure refrigerant and refrigerant mixtures, which configuration of vapour injection is more suitable for refrigerant mixtures are still unclear. In this paper, R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures are chosen as refrigerant pairs for its great potential in the future, and the scroll compressor is chosen as well to carry out the research for its wide application in vapour injected system. The thermodynamic model with different suction and injected concentration is derived, on the basis of this model, a detailed compressor and system performance comparison of different vapour injected configurations with R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures are investigated. The results indicate that the lower concentration of R32 in flash tank (FT) system will result in higher power consumption compared with intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) system. For the system performance, the heating capacity of FT system is 5%~9.1% higher than IHX system, while the COP of latter system is usually higher, the largest improvement is 2.7% when charged with R32/R1234ze(E) (40/60) mixtures

A state-space based method to predict thermal performance of pipeembedded double skin façade: case study in Guangzhou

Pipe-embedded double skin facade, which arranges pipes in shading device, is an alternative to reduce indoor demand and save energy. To simulate annual performance of this system, a simplified approach based on optical and thermal property is proposed at first, in which dynamic performance is acquired through state-space method. Then the model is validated with former investigation and shows good accuracy. Indoor room temperature with the pipe-embedded double skin façade is analyzed under different types of room in Guangzhou at last. Results show that the pipe-embedded double skin façade could guarantee a barely satisfactory indoor environment where indoor heat gain is small in most time. Besides, superiority would be obvious when solar radiation is strong, indicating the applicability in some typical region with abundant sunshine

Effect of Height Difference on The Performance of Two-phase Thermosyphon Loop Used in Air-conditioning System

Two-phase thermosyphon loops (TPTLs) are highly effective devices for spontaneously transferring heat through a relatively long distance. Therefore, TPTLs are extensively used in various fields, such as cooling of electronic components, light water reactors, etc. Recently, the TPTL has also been found to be an effective way to recover or transfer heat in air-conditioning systems for energy saving. A typical TPTL consists of an evaporator, a riser (gas tube), a condenser, and a downcomer (liquid tube), and the condenser is higher than the evaporator by a certain vertical distance. The TPTL is powered by the natural force --- gravity, which means the pressure drop in the cycle always equals to the liquid head caused by the density difference of the liquid in the downcomer and the vapor or vapor/liquid mixture in the riser. Therefore, the liquid head is a key factor affecting the circulation flow rate and energy performance of TPTLs. In the traditional applications, the liquid head is considered to be proportional to the height difference between the condenser and the evaporator based on the underlying assumption: the downcomer is fully liquid filled. According to that, the TPTL will perform better with a larger height difference. The conclusion may be correct in the cases with large temperature difference and heat flux, such as in the field of cooling of electronic and light water reactors. However, when the TPTL is used in air-conditioning system, which has quite small temperature difference and small heat flux, some special phenomena were observed: the liquid heat is lower than the height difference and the downcomer is partially liquid filled. That is largely different from the thermosyphons in traditional applications. What’s the thermodynamic mechanism of partially liquid filled in the downcomer? How to determine the liquid head and the height difference? These are the fundamental questions that required answers before using two-phase thermosyphon in air conditioner field. In this study, the thermodynamic mechanism of partially liquid filled in the downcomer is researched and the effect of height difference on the performance of TPTL is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, a visual experimental setup is established, and the performance of a water-water TPTL is measured when the height difference ranges from 0 m to 2.4 m. Based on it, the basic phenomena are observed and the thermodynamic mechanism is investigated. Secondly, a generalized distributed-parameter model is developed based on the conservations of momentum, energy, and mass, which can determine liquid head and overall performance simultaneously according to external conditions. The model is verified by experiments. Then the model is used to analyze the variation of liquid head, circulation flow rate, heat transfer rate, system pressure under different height differences. The results show that with the increase of the height difference, the liquid head rises continuously until remain stable. Therefore, the liquid head is less than the height difference in some cases. Consequently, with the increase of height difference, the circulation flow rate and thermal performance firstly increases then remains constant

Fast and accurate calculation of the soil temperature distribution around ground heat exchanger based on a response factor model

Ground heat exchanger (GHE) is an important component of ground coupled heat pump system (GCHP). To calculate the soil temperature around GHE accurately and fast, a refined response factor model (RF model) is proposed. It combines the heat transfer inside and outside the U pipe through the temperature of pipe wall and the heat flux of U pipe. For the RF model, after calculating the response factors by CFD simulation, the soil temperature can be calculated by the deduced analytical equations. The sandbox experiment is built up to validate the the RF model. Based on the experiment, this case is also studied by the numerical simulation and the RF model. Results show that the soil temperature differences between the RF model and the experiment are only -0.21°C ~0.69°C at the 96th time step. The relative errors of the soil temperatures between RF model and numerical simulation at the 1800th time step are only 1.86%~3.94%. RF model consumes 30% time of the numerical simulation for the soil temperature calculation with 1800 time steps and consumes only 1% time of the numerical simulation for that with 350400 time steps. Therefore, the RF model is accurate and fast to calculate the soil temperature around the GHE with fluid inside

Phosphorylation-Dependent 14-3-3 Binding to LRRK2 Is Impaired by Common Mutations of Familial Parkinson's Disease

Background: Recent studies show that mutations in Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the cause of the most common inherited and some sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenic role of LRRK2 mutations in PD remains unknown.Methodology/Principal Findings: Using affinity purification and mass spectrometric analysis, we investigated phosphorylation sites and binding proteins of LRRK2 purified from mouse brain. We identified multiple phosphorylation sites at N-terminus of LRRK2 including S910, S912, S935 and S973. Focusing on the high stoichiometry S935 phosphorylation site, we developed an anti-pS935 specific antibody and showed that LRRK2 is constitutively phosphorylated at S935 in various tissues (including brain) and at different ages in mice. We find that 14-3-3 proteins (especially isoforms γ and η) bind LRRK2 and this binding depends on phosphorylation of S935. The binding of 14-3-3, with little effect on dimer formation of LRRK2, confers protection of the phosphorylation status of S935. Furthermore, we show that protein kinase A (PKA), but not LRRK2 kinase itself, can cause the phosphorylation of LRRK2 at S935 in vitro and in cell culture, suggesting that PKA is a potential upstream kinase that regulates LRRK2 function. Finally, our study indicates that the common PD-related mutations of LRRK2, R1441G, Y1699C and G2019S, decrease homeostatic phosphorylation levels of S935 and impair 14-3-3 binding of LRRK2.Conclusions/Significance: LRRK2 is extensively phosphorylated in vivo, and the phosphorylation of specific sites (e.g. S935) determines 14-3-3 binding of LRRK2. We propose that 14-3-3 is an important regulator of LRRK2-mediated cellular functions. Our study suggests that PKA, a cAMP-dependent kinase involved in regulating dopamine physiology, is a potential upstream kinase that phosphorylates LRRK2 at S935. Furthermore, the reduction of phosphorylation/14-3-3 binding of LRRK2 due to the common familial PD-related mutations provides novel insight into the pathogenic mechanism of LRRK2-linked PD.</p

Phosphorylation-Dependent 14-3-3 Binding to LRRK2 Is Impaired by Common Mutations of Familial Parkinson's Disease

) are the cause of the most common inherited and some sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenic role of LRRK2 mutations in PD remains unknown. and in cell culture, suggesting that PKA is a potential upstream kinase that regulates LRRK2 function. Finally, our study indicates that the common PD-related mutations of LRRK2, R1441G, Y1699C and G2019S, decrease homeostatic phosphorylation levels of S935 and impair 14-3-3 binding of LRRK2., and the phosphorylation of specific sites (e.g. S935) determines 14-3-3 binding of LRRK2. We propose that 14-3-3 is an important regulator of LRRK2-mediated cellular functions. Our study suggests that PKA, a cAMP-dependent kinase involved in regulating dopamine physiology, is a potential upstream kinase that phosphorylates LRRK2 at S935. Furthermore, the reduction of phosphorylation/14-3-3 binding of LRRK2 due to the common familial PD-related mutations provides novel insight into the pathogenic mechanism of LRRK2-linked PD